Advertisement
Research Article| Volume 20, ISSUE 2, P79-86, June 2013

Download started.

Ok

An examination of barriers to Nurse Practitioner endorsement in senior rural drug and alcohol nurses in New South Wales

  • Stephen Ling
    Correspondence
    Corresponding author at: Drug and Alcohol, Division of Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, Locked Bag 1, HRMC, NSW 2305, Australia. Tel.: +61 02 49213000; fax: +61 02 49214130.
    Affiliations
    Drug and Alcohol, John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Area Health Service, New South Wales, Australia

    The Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
    Search for articles by this author
  • Janette Curtis
    Affiliations
    School of Nursing, Midwifery and Indigenous Health, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
    Search for articles by this author
  • Renee Brighton
    Affiliations
    School of Nursing, Midwifery and Indigenous Health, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
    Search for articles by this author
  • Adrian Dunlop
    Affiliations
    The Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia

    Drug and Alcohol Clinical Services, Hunter New England Area Health Service, New South Wales, Australia
    Search for articles by this author

      Summary

      Introduction and aims

      To examine barriers senior rural nurses in New South Wales drug and alcohol clinical settings perceive when considering endorsement to Nurse Practitioner (NP).

      Design and methods

      A survey was designed to record views of senior alcohol and drug nurses in rural New South Wales about becoming a NP. Participants were identified by Area Health Service Directors of Drug and Alcohol Services for each Area Health Service in NSW excluding metropolitan Sydney. Forty eight surveys were distributed, with 17 (35%) completed surveys included in the results.

      Results

      Of the 17 participants, 12 (70.6%) expressed interest in becoming a NP. The majority (12, 70.6%) were unaware or unsure of endorsement processes. Lack of clarity about the NP role and processes and benefits to becoming a NP was found to be of most concern to all participants. Only 6 participants (35%) indicated they would consider seeking endorsement to NP.

      Discussion and conclusion

      Despite agreeing that NP positions in alcohol and drug settings would improve patient access to treatment and care, senior nurses working in these settings in regional areas are unfamiliar with pathways to becoming endorsed. Barriers, such as a lack of internal support from management and colleagues, as well as the fact that respondents reported no foreseeable financial gain in endorsement, also need to be addressed, before more nurses will consider endorsement. Further evaluation of the views of senior nurses in metropolitan alcohol and other drug settings in the process to NP endorsement is needed before clients will benefit from the expertise and enhanced care that NP's may provide.

      Keywords

      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Collegian
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Andrist L.C.
        Genital herpes: Overcoming barriers to diagnosis and treatment.
        American Journal of Nursing. 1997; 97
        • Appel A.
        • Malcolm P.
        The triumph and continuing struggle of Nurse Practitioners in New South Wales, Australia.
        Clinical Nurse Specialist. 2002; 16: 203-210
      1. Ashby, M. (2006). Barriers to nurse practitoner reimbursement. The Pennsylvania nurse, 61: 19.

        • Australian Bureau of Statistics
        National survey of mental health and wellbeing 2007: Summary of results.
        Australian Bureau of statistics, Canberra2008
      2. Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency. (2011a). Annual report 2010–2011. http://www.ahpra.gov.au Accessed 27.02.12.

      3. Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency. (2011b). Guidelines on endorsement as a nurse practitioner. http://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/documents/default.aspx?record=WD11%2F4616&dbid=AP&chksum=I%2FCqoEc5 Accessed 09.05.11.

      4. Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council (ANMC). (2009). Nurse practitioners: Standards and criteria for the accreditation of nursing and midwifery courses leading to registration, enrolment, endorsement and authorisation in Australia – With evidence guide. Australian Capital Territory: Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council. http://www.anmc.org.au/userfiles/file/competency_standards/Competency%20Standards%20for%20the%20Nurse%20Practitioner.pdf Accessed 23.12.10.

        • Bagg J.
        Rural nurse practitioners in South Australia: Recognition for registered nurses already fulfilling the role.
        Australian Journal of Rural Health. 2004; 12: 3-5
        • Beal J.A.
        • Tiani T.B.
        • Saia T.A.
        • Rothstein E.E.
        The role of the neonatal nurse practitioner in post NICU follow-up.
        The Journal of Perinatal and Neonatal Nursing. 1999; 13: 78-89
        • Begg S.
        • Vos T.
        • Barker B.
        • Stevenson C.
        • Stanley L.
        • Lopez A.D.
        The burden of disease and injury in Australia 2003, AIHW cat. no. PHE 82.
        Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Canberra2007
        • Bonsall K.
        • Cheater F.M.
        What is the impact of advanced primary care nursing roles on patients, nurses and their colleagues? A literature review.
        International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2008; 45: 1090-1102
        • Bryant-Lukosius D.
        • DiCenso A.
        • Browne G.
        • Pinelli J.
        Advanced practice nursing roles: Development, implementation and evaluation.
        Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2004; 48: 519-529
        • Carryer J.
        • Gardner G.
        • Dunn S.
        • Gardner A.
        The capability of Nurse Practitioners may be diminished by controlling protocols. (Nursing Practice).
        Australian Health Review. 2007; 31: 108-115
        • Charalambous M.P.
        Alcohol and the accident and emergency department: A current review.
        Alcohol and Alcoholism. 2002; 37: 307-312
        • Christofis L.
        Nurse Practitioners: An exploration of the issues surrounding their role in Australian emergency departments.
        Australasian Emergency Nursing Journal. 2001; 4: 15-20
        • Clarin O.A.
        Strategies to overcome barriers to effective Nurse Practitioner and Physician collaboration.
        The Journal for Nurse Practitioners. 2007; 3: 538-548
        • Collins D.J.
        • Lapsley
        The costs of tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug abuse to Australian society in 2004/05.
        Commonwealth of Australia, 2008
        • Conigrave K.M.
        • Burns F.H.
        • Reznik R.B.
        • Saunders J.B.
        Problem drinking in emergency department patients: The scope for early intervention.
        Medical Journal of Australia. 1991; 154: 801-805
        • Daly W.
        • Carnwell R.
        Nursing roles and levels of practice: A framework for differentiating between elementary, specialist and advancing nursing practice.
        Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2003; 12: 158-167
        • Davidson P.
        • Elliott D.
        • Daly J.
        Clinical leadership in contemporary clinical practice: Implications for nursing in Australia.
        Journal of Nursing Management. 2006; 14: 180-187
        • Driscoll A.
        • Worrall-Carter L.
        • O’Reilly J.
        • Stewart S.
        A historical review of the Nurse Practitioner role in Australia.
        Clinical Excellence for Nurse Practitioners. 2005; 9: 141-152
        • Elango B.
        • Hunter G.L.
        • Winchell M.
        Barriers to nurse entrepreneurship: A study of the process model of entrepreneurship.
        Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 2007; 19: 198-204
        • Forchuk C.
        • Kohr R.
        Prescriptive authority for Nurses: The Canadian perspective.
        Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 2009; 45: 3-8
        • Foy A.
        • Kay J.
        The incidence of alcohol-related problems and the risk of alcohol withdrawal in a general hospital population.
        Drug and Alcohol Review. 1995; 14: 49-54
        • Griffin M.
        • Melby V.
        Developing an advanced Nurse Practitioner service in emergency care: Attitudes of nurses and doctors.
        Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2006; 56: 292-301
        • Hanson C.M.
        • Hamric A.B.
        Reflections on the continuing evolution of advanced practice nursing.
        Nursing Outlook. 2003; 51: 203-211
        • Herman J.
        Documenting acute care nurse practitioner practice characteristics.
        AACN Clinical Issues: Advanced Practice in Acute and Critical Care. 1998; 9: 277-282
        • Hubbell S.L.
        • Woodard E.K.
        • Barksdale-Brown D.J.
        • Parker J.S.
        Spiritual care practices of nurse practitioners in federally designated nonmetropolitan areas of North Carolina.
        Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 2006; 18: 379-385
        • Kaplan L.
        • Brown M.
        • Andrilla H.
        • Hart L.
        Barriers to autonomous practice.
        The Nurse Practitioner. 2005; 31: 57-63
        • Keating S.F.J.
        • Thompson J.P.
        • Lee G.A.
        Perceived barriers to the sustainability and progression of Nurse Practitioners.
        International Emergency Nursing. 2010; 18: 147-153
        • Lindeke L.
        • Jukkala A.
        • Tanner M.
        Perceived barriers to nurse practitioner practice in rural settings.
        The Journal of Rural Health. 2005; 21: 178-181
        • Ling S.
        Nurse Practitioners in drug and alcohol: Where are they?.
        Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2009; 26: 64-69
        • Livesley J.
        • Waters K.
        • Tarbuck P.
        The management of advanced practitioner preparation: A work-based challenge.
        Journal of Nursing Management. 2009; 17: 584-593
        • Lloyd Jones M.
        Role development and effective practice in specialist and advanced practice roles in acute hospital settings: Systematic review and meta-synthesis.
        Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2005; 49: 191-209
        • MacDonald J.-A.
        • Herbert R.
        • Thibeault C.
        Advanced practice Nursing: Unification through a common identity.
        Journal of Professional Nursing. 2006; 22: 172-179
        • Mantzoukas S.
        • Watkinson S.
        Review of advanced nursing practice: The international literature and developing the generic features.
        Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2007; 16: 28-37
        • McLaren P.
        The evolution of the nurse practitioner.
        Evidence-Based Healthcare and Public Health. 2005; 9: 265-266
      5. Medicare Australia. Australian Government Forum. http://www.medicare.gov.au/provider/pubs/news/forum/index.jsp Accessed 24.06.10.

        • Miller K.P.
        Feeling the heat: Nurse Practitioners and malpractice liability.
        The Journal for Nurse Practitioners. 2007; 3: 24-26
        • Miller K.P.
        Malpractice trends: Viewing the data and avoiding the hot seat of litigation.
        The Journal for Nurse Practitioners. 2009; 5: 662-665
      6. NSW Department of Health. (2008). Profile of the nursing and midwives workforce in NSW. North Sydney. http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/pubs/2009/pdf/nursing_08.pdf.

        • NSW Nurses & Midwives Board
        Information brochure: Becoming a Nurse Practitioner in New South Wales, information for registered nurses who wish to practise as nurse practitioners in New South Wales, Australia.
        Commonwealth of Australia, 2007
        • Perron A.
        • Holmes D.
        Advanced practice: A clinical or political issue?.
        The Canadian Nurse. 2006; 102: 26-35
        • Philipsen N.C.
        Resolving conflict: A primer for Nurse Practitioners on alternatives to litigation.
        The Journal for Nurse Practitioners. 2008; 4: 766-772
        • Por J.
        A critical engagement with the concept of advancing nursing practice.
        Journal of Nursing Management. 2008; 16: 84-90
        • Quaglietti S.
        • Blum L.
        • Ellis V.
        The role of the adult nurse practitioner in palliative care.
        Journal of Hospice and Palliative Nursing. 2004; 6: 209-214
        • Rassool G.H.
        Prescription for change: Perspectives on prescribing authority for Addiction Nurses in the United Kingdom.
        Journal of Addictions Nursing. 2004; 15: 193-197
        • Richardson A.
        • Cunliffe L.
        New horizons: The motives, diversity and future of ‘nurse led’ care.
        Journal of Nursing Management. 2003; 11: 80-84
        • Roose R.J.
        • Kunins H.V.
        • Sohler N.L.
        • Elam R.T.
        • Cunningham C.O.
        Nurse Practitioner and physician assistant interest in prescribing buprenorphine.
        Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2008; 34: 456-459
        • Ruel J.
        • Motyka C.
        Advanced practice nursing: A principle-based concept analysis.
        Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 2009; 21: 384-392
        • Savrin C.
        Growth and development of the Nurse Practitioner role around the globe.
        Journal of Pediatric Health Care. 2009; 23: 310-314
        • Searle J.
        Nurse practitioner candidates: Shifting professional boundaries.
        Australasian Emergency Nursing Journal. 2008; 11: 20-27
        • Shourie S.
        • Conigrave K.M.
        • Proude E.M.
        • Haber P.S.
        Detection of and intervention for excessive alcohol and tobacco use among adult hospital in-patients.
        Drug and Alcohol Review. 2007; 26: 127-133
        • Sullivan J.A.
        • Dachelet C.Z.
        • Sultz H.A.
        • Henry M.
        • Carrol H.D.
        Overcoming barriers to the employment and utilization of the nurse practitioner.
        American Journal of Public Health. 1978; 68: 1097-1103
        • Turner C.
        • Keyzer D.
        • Rudge T.
        Spheres of influence or autonomy? A discourse analysis of the introduction of Nurse Practitioners in rural and remote Australia.
        Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2007; 59: 38-46
        • van Soeren M.H.
        • Micevski V.
        Success indicators and barriers to acute Nurse Practitioner role implementation in four Ontario hospitals.
        AACN Clinical Issues. 2001; 12: 424-437
        • Wand T.
        • White K.
        Exploring the scope of the emergency department mental health nurse practitioner role.
        International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. 2007; 16: 403-412
        • Williams A.
        • Sibbald B.
        Changing roles and identities in primary health care: Exploring a culture of uncertainty.
        Journal of Advanced Nursing. 1999; 29: 737-745
        • Wilson A.
        • Pearson D.
        • Hassey A.
        Barriers to developing the nurse practitioner role in primary care – The GP perspective.
        Family Practice. 2002; 19: 641-646